10 Ways to Hide Elements in CSS

There are multiple ways to hide an element in CSS, but they differ in the way they affect accessibility, layout, animation, performance, and event handling.

Animation

Some CSS hiding options are all or nothing. The element is either fully visible or fully invisible and there’s no in-between state. Others, such as transparency, can have a range of values, so interpolated CSS animations become possible.

Accessibility

Each method described below will visually hide an element, but it may or may not hide the content from assistive technologies. For example, a screen reader could still announce tiny transparent text. Further CSS properties or ARIA attributes such as aria-hidden="true" may be necessary to describe the appropriate action.

Be wary that animations can also cause disorientation, migraines, seizures, or other physical discomfort for some people. Consider using a prefers-reduced-motion media query to switch off animations when specified in user preferences.

Event Handling

Hiding will either stop events being triggered on that element or have no effect — that is, the element is not visible but can still be clicked or receive other user interactions.

Performance

After a browser loads and parses the HTML DOM and CSS object model, the page is rendered in three stages:

1. Layout: generate the geometry and position of each element
2. Paint: draw out the pixels for each element
3. Composition: position element layers in the appropriate order

An effect which only causes composition changes is noticeably smoother than those affecting layout. In some cases, the browser can also use hardware acceleration.

1. opacity and filter: opacity()

The opacity: N and filter: opacity(N) properties can be passed a number between 0 and 1, or a percentage between 0% and 100% denoting fully transparent and fully opaque accordingly.

See the Pen
hide with opacity: 0 by SitePoint (@SitePoint)
on CodePen.

There’s little practical difference between the two in modern browsers, although filter should be used if multiple effects are applied at the same time (blur, contrast, grayscale etc.)

Opacity can be animated and offers great performance, but be wary that a fully transparent element remains on the page and can trigger events.

metric	effect
browser support	good, but IE only supports opacity 0 to 1
accessibility	content not read if 0 or 0% is set
layout affected?	no
rendering required	composition
performance	best, can use hardware acceleration
animation frames possible?	yes
events triggered when hidden?	yes

2. color Alpha Transparency

opacity affects the whole element, but it's also possible to set the color, background-color, and border-color properties separately. Applying a zero alpha channel using rgba(0,0,0,0) or similar renders an item fully transparent:

See the Pen
hide with color alpha by SitePoint (@SitePoint)
on CodePen.

Each property can be animated separately to create interesting effects. Note that transparency can’t be applied to elements with image backgrounds unless they're generated using linear-gradient or similar.

The alpha channel can be set with:

• transparent: fully transparent (in-between animations are not possible)
• rgba(r, g, b, a): red, green, blue, and alpha
• hsla(h, s, l, a): hue, saturation, lightness, and alpha
• #RRGGBBAA and #RGBA

metric	effect
browser support	good, but IE only supports transparent and rgba
accessibility	content still read
layout affected?	no
rendering required	painting
performance	good, but not as fast as opacity
animation frames possible?	yes
events triggered when hidden?	yes

3. transform

The transform property can be used to translate (move), scale, rotate, or skew an element. A scale(0) or translate(-999px, 0px) off-screen will hide the element:

See the Pen
hide with transform: scale(0); by SitePoint (@SitePoint)
on CodePen.

transform offers excellent performance and hardware acceleration because the element is effectively moved into a separate layer and can be animated in 2D or 3D. The original layout space remains as is, but no events will be triggered by a fully hidden element.

metric	effect
browser support	good
accessibility	content still read
layout affected?	no — the original dimensions remain
rendering required	composition
performance	best, can use hardware acceleration
animation frames possible?	yes
events triggered when hidden?	no

The post 10 Ways to Hide Elements in CSS appeared first on SitePoint.